Related Terms

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Background

• Epistasis refers to any interaction between different genes. Genes are found inside the cells of all organisms. An individual's genes are present in a large molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which looks like a twisted ladder. This unique shape is called a double helix. The sides of the double helix are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The "rungs" of the "ladder" are made of smaller molecules that contain nitrogen. These molecules include adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
• All genes are made up of different combinations of these four molecules, which are arranged in different lengths. The sequence of these molecules provides the "code," or instructions, for each of the genes involved in the development, growth, and function of all the cells in the body. When genes are expressed, the information they contain is translated into a physical trait such as eye color.
• Epistasis can occur when a mutation, or defect, in one gene (or in multiple genes) covers up the expression of a mutation in a different gene. This can also occur when a mutation in one gene enhances the mutation in another gene. The phenotype, or expression, is therefore different than if the two gene mutations were expressed independently.
• The gene that is expressed is said to be epistatic. The gene that is not expressed is said to be hypostatic. For example, a mutant or defective gene that causes complete baldness would be epistatic because it would prevent the expression of the gene that determines hair color.
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Methods

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Research

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Implications

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Limitations

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Safety

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Future Research

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Author Information

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References

Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to www.naturalstandard.com. Selected references are listed below.

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