Synonyms/Common Names/Related Substances:

• 1,8-cineole, 22alpha-methoxyfaradiol, alantolactone, alpha-pinene, alpha-thujone, apigenin, arnidiol, Asteraceae (family), beta-caryophyllene, borenolide, brein, calenduladiol, camphor, chrysancorin, Chrysanthemum boreale, Chrysanthemum boreale M, Chrysanthemum boreale Makino, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Chrysanthemum cocineum, Chrysanthemum coronarium L., Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum, Chrysanthemum indicum, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium extract, Chrysanthemum multiflorum, Chrysanthemum parthenium, Chrysanthemum viscidehirtum, Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat, Chrysanthemum zawadskii cocineum, chrysin, cis-chrysanthenol, coflodiol, Compositae family, Dendranthema, dicaffeoylquinic acids, erythrodiol, faradiol, faradiol alpha-epoxide, flavonoids, feverfew, glucuronide, heliantriol A1, heliantriol B0, heliantriol B2, heliantriol C, Indian standard series, jiangtangkang (Chinese), JTK, linarin, longispinogenin (Chinese), luteolin, maniladiol (Chinese), marguerite, oleananes, ox-eye daisy, parthenolide, PC-SPES®, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, pyrethrum, sesquiterpene lactones, sesquiterpenes, Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip, taraxastanes, uvaol, ursanes.
• Combination product examples: Hua-sheng-ping, (Chrysanthemum morifolium, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Panax notoginseng), PC-SPES® (Chrysanthemum, dyers woad, licorice, reishi, san-qi ginseng, rabdosia, saw palmetto, and Baikal skullcap).
• Note: This monograph does not cover tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), which is sometimes classified as Chrysanthemum vulgare; please see the tansy monograph for more information on this topic. Although Chrysanthemum is a component of PC-SPES, this monograph does not cover PC-SPES; please see the PC-SPES monograph for more information on this topic.
• WARNING: PC-SPES HAS BEEN RECALLED FROM THE U.S. MARKET AND SHOULD NOT BE USED.

Clinical Bottom Line/Effectiveness

Brief Background:

• Chrysanthemum is a popular plant for its ornamental, food, and insecticidal uses. Worldwide, Chrysanthemums are planted in gardens for their flowers and are often associated with autumn in temperate climates. In Asia, Chrysanthemum tea is a popular beverage. Pyrethrins extracted from the seed casings of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum are used as insecticides and insect repellents. Pyrethrins can be readily absorbed through the gut and by respiration and poorly absorbed through skin contact (1;​2). Normally, the liver rapidly and extensively metabolizes pyrethrins and they therefore are known to have a relatively low risk of chronic accumulation. Poisoning is usually due to accidental or intentional ingestion, but may also be caused by chronic exposure.
• In preliminary laboratory studies, Chrysanthemum has inhibited an enzyme that leads to gout (3) and altered immune function (4). In clinical trials, Chrysanthemum has decreased diabetes symptoms (5) and a combination including Chrysanthemum reduced pre-cancerous lesions (6). Although the studies in these areas seem promising, more research is needed before Chrysanthemum can be recommended for either condition.
• There are numerous case reports and studies showing that allergies to Chrysanthemum are very common, and Chrysanthemum may be the strongest sensitizer of the cultivated Compositae plants, with an estimated 60% of Europeans being allergic (7;​8;​9;​10).
• This monograph does not cover tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), which is sometimes classified as Chrysanthemum vulgare; please see the tansy monograph for more information on this topic.
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Dosing/Toxicology

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Precautions/Contraindications

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Interactions

Most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested for interactions with other herbs, supplements, drugs, or foods. The interactions listed below are based on reports in scientific publications, laboratory experiments, or traditional use. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy.

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Mechanism of Action

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History

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Evidence Table

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Evidence Discussion

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Products Studied

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Author Information

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References

Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to www.naturalstandard.com. Selected references are listed below.

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